Characterization of γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) produced by a lactic acid bacterium from button mushroom bed
(Received November 18, 2013 / Revised December 27, 2013 / Accepted December 30, 2013)
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid(GABA) is a four carbon non-protein amino acid that has several well-known physiologicalfunctions, such as a postsynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and induction of hypotensive and tranquilizereffects. A lactic acid bacterium was isolated from button mushroom bed, which is showing high GABAproductivity by TLC or HPLC analysis. The strain was identified as Lactobacillus hilgardii by analysis of 16S rDNAgene sequence. When the maximum production of GABA by L. hilgardii was investigated with various concentration ofmonosodium glutamate, the yield of GABA reached to be 53.65 mM at 1% mono sodium glutamate (MSG) in flask cultivation.A Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, which was known to convert MSG to GABA, was purified froma cell-free extract of L. hilgardii and the molecular weights of purified GAD was estimated to 60,000 by SDS-PAGE.The optimum pH and temperature of GAD were at pH4.6 and at 37℃, respectively. The GAD activity was increasedby the addition of sulfate ions such as ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, indicating that theincrease of hydrophobic interaction causes the increase of GAD activity.
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Reference
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24.Tsushida, T. and Murai, T. 1987. Conversion of glutamic acid to γ-Aminobutyric acid in tea leaves under anaerobic conditions. Agric Biol Chem. 51 : 2865-2871.
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26.Yu, J.J. and Oh, S.H. 2011. ã-Aminobutyric acid production and glutamate decarboxylase activity of Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 isolated from Kimchi. Korean J. Microbiol. 7 : 104-109.
2.Hao, R. and Schmit, J.C. 1993. Cloning of the gene for glutamate decarboxylase and its expression during condition in Neurospora crassa. Biochem J. 293 : 735-738.
3.Hiraga, K., Ueno, Y. and Oda, K. 2008. Glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis: Activation by ammonium sulfate. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 : 1299-1306.
4.Jacobs, C., Jaeken, J. and Gibson, K.M. 1993. Inherited disorders of GABA metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 16 : 704-715.
5.Jakoby, W.B. and Scott, E.M. 1959. aldehyde oxidation III. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 234 : 937-40.
6.Kono, I. and Himeno, K. 2000. Changes in γ-Aminobutyric acid content during beni-koji making. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 64 : 617-619.
7.Kumar, S., K., Tamura, I. Jakobsen, B., and Nei, M. 2001. MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics. 17:1244-1245.
8.Komatsuzaki, N., Nakamura, T., Kimura, T., SHIMA, T. 2008. Characterization of Glutamate Decarboxylase from a High ã-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-Producer, Lactobacillus paracasei . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72 : 278-285.
9.Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227 : 680-685.
10.Li, H., Qiu, T., Gao, D. and Cao, Y. 2010. Medium optimization for production of gamma-amonobutyric acid by Lactobacillus brevis NCL912. Amino Acids. 38 : 1439-1445.
11.Lin, S.D., Mau, J.L., and Hsu, C.A. 2012. Bioactive components and antioxidants of tea leaves. Food Sci and Technol. 46 : 64-70.
12.Lowery, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.C., and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193 : 265-275.
13.Maras, B., Sweeney, G., Barra, D., Bossa, F. and John, R.A. 1992. The amino acid sequence of glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem. 204 : 93-98.
14.Nomura, M., Kimoto, H., Someya, Y., Furukawa, S. and Suzuki, I. 1998. Production of ã-Aminobutyric acid by cheese starters during cheese ripening. Dairy Foods. 81 : 1486-1491.
15.Nomura, M., Nakajima, I., Fujita, Y., Kobayashi, M., Kimoto, H., Suzuki, I. and Aso, H. 1999. Lactococcus lactis contains only one glutamate decarboxylase gene. Microbiology. 145 : 1375-1380.
16.Nomura, M., Kobayashi, M., Ohmomo, S. and Okamoto, T. 2000. Activation of the glutamate decarboxylase gene in Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66 : 2235-2237.
17.Noriko, K., Jun, S., Shinichi, K., Hiroh, M. and Toshinori, K. 2005. Production of ã-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from traditional fermented foods. Food microbiology. 22 : 497-504.
18.Saikusa, T., Horino, T. and Mori, Y. 1994. Accumulation of ã-Aminobutyric acid (Gaba) in the rice germ during water soaking. Biosci Biotech Biochem. 58 : 2291-2292.
19.Saitou, N. and Nei, M. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4 : 406-425.
20.Seher, Y., Filiz, O. and Melike, B. 2013. Gamma-amino butyric acid, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate decarboxylase levels in phylogenetically divergent plants. Plant Syst Evol. 299 : 403-412.
21.Smith, D.K., Kassam, T., Singh, B. and Elliott, J.F. 1992. Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci. J Bacteriol. 174 : 5820-5826.
22.Stanton, H.C. 1963. Mode of action of gamma aminobutyric acid on the cardiovascular system. Arch Int Pharmacodyn. 143 : 195-200.
23.Kumar, S., K., Tamura, I. Jakobsen, B., and Nei, M. 2001. MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics. 17 : 1244-1245.
24.Tsushida, T. and Murai, T. 1987. Conversion of glutamic acid to γ-Aminobutyric acid in tea leaves under anaerobic conditions. Agric Biol Chem. 51 : 2865-2871.
25.Ueno, Y., Hayakawa, K., Takahashi, S. and Oda, K. 1997. Purification and characterization of glutamate decarboxylase from lactobacillus brevis IFO 12005. Biosci Biotec Biochem. 61 : 1168-1171.
26.Yu, J.J. and Oh, S.H. 2011. ã-Aminobutyric acid production and glutamate decarboxylase activity of Lactobacillus sakei OPK2-59 isolated from Kimchi. Korean J. Microbiol. 7 : 104-109.